The gene Lr24 remains important in Australia because it is still effective to all known pathotypes of P. triticina in Australia when combined with Lr13 (e.[]
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The five grain yield QTL were detected on chromosomes 1A, 2D, 3B, and 5A and showed a combined increase of 34.4%, over the population mean.[]
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Isolates with combined virulences on Yr8 and Yr9 were reported in the United States in 2000 (9) and in Australia in 2002 (43).[0]
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Thus, even if all the QTL that promote MLB are combined, the expression of MLB will depend upon plant architecture (e.[]
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Individual rows and columns were combined into a single row and column by considering the last plant of a row (a) to be contiguous with the last plant of the subsequent row (a + 1) (24).[0]
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Therefore, lsmeans of MLB for each IBC line are presented separately and combined over both locations (Table 3).[]
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However well these characteristics may be combined, there will always be a need under the conditions of OA to deal with large genotype-environment interactions.[]
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Greenhouse pathogenicity tests demonstrated that pt 64-(6),(7),(10),11 combined virulence for Lr1 with partial virulence for Lr13.[]
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The objectives of this study were to construct a genetic map of the adapted spring wheat cross Superb (high yielding)/BW278 (low yielding) with microsatellite markers and combined with extensive replicated phenotypic data locate and estimate the effects of QTL controlling grain yield.[]
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Separate measurements were done for each species; the combined total for more than one species may be >100%.[]
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A more difficult question is whether a given number of resistance genes will be more durable if deployed in a mixture as compared to the same number of genes deployed sequentially in monoculture or combined into a single host genotype.[]
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LOD scores for yield in the combined populations ranged between 3.1 and 9.9 while each QTL explained between 3.5 and 20.4% of the variation (data not shown).[]
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Mutations in genes that act in parallel or redundant pathways should exhibit an additive or synergistic phenotype when combined.[]
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It is clear that this kind of plantation system requires serious agronomic and economic evaluation, combined with an assessment of the effects on other apple pests and diseases.[1]
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Race CYR32 combines all previous virulences, especially those on Yr9, Hybrid 46, and Shuiyuan 11, that have been the major resistance sources since the 1960s.[0]
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Considering this apparent partial duplication of effects, combined with the larger effects of QGfc.[]
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The change in crop management combined with weather favorable for stripe rust and the vulnerability of local cultivars set the stage for rust epidemics, especially in regions 1, 5, and 6 (Figure 1).[]
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The hundred grain weight is a very well established combined assessment of yield and basal quality in a variety of cereal pathosystems (Knott & Talukdar, 1971; Nass & Johnston, 1985; Jiang et al., 2006).[]
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Pt 53-1,(6),(7),10,11,12 combined virulence for Lr13 and Lr17b and caused significant levels of leaf rust in crops of several winter wheat cultivars carrying this gene combination (e.[]
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That concern, combined with the need for expanding wheat production during World War I, provided the stimulus for immediate research on the disease.[]
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Comparative studies demonstrated that pt 64-(6),(7),(10),11 combined several pathogenic and isozymic features that prior to its detection, were only known in pts 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 and 53-1,(6),(7),10,11.[]
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In addition, they could be combined as R gene cassettes to achieve a disease control which is possibly more durable.[]
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These findings combined indicate that protection is dependent upon the ability of the protecting virus to properly associate with both the disassembling protein surface of the virion as well as the exposed viral RNA. Results from these studies support a recoating protection model (Figure 3) in which a few CP subunits are released from the 5 end of the infecting viral RNA, exposing a small number of nucleotides that are then recoated by the protecting CP. The force driving virion recoating is likely derived from a shift in the assembly-disassembly equilibrium brought about by the presence of excess protecting CP. Within transgenic plants the accumulation of CP correlates with the level of protection (68).[]
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This pathotype poses a greater threat because it combines virulence for Yr17 with Yr6, Yr7 and YrA (Wellings, 2007).[]
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This, when combined with other local quadrat variance methods, allows separate estimation of patch and gap size.[]
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It might be possible to combine genes for HTAP resistance to achieve greater resistance, and it should be possible to exploit both HTAP and seedling resistance.[]
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The DH lines from the mapping population(178) and interval mapping population(193) were combined for QTL analysis.[]
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Three hexaploid wheat cultivars, Steele-ND, Glenn, and Howard, were released because they combined good levels of FHB resistance, high grain yield, and high end-use qualities.[]
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For this reason, the potential for decentralised breeding, to select plants in the places that they will be grown, is particularly important for OPB, combined with PPB at different levels from mostly breeder to mostly farmer.[]
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Modern cereal varieties, with relatively high levels of nitrogen input are used to meet the homogeneity and the specific quality standards combined with high productivity.[]
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The mapping population and interval mapping population were combined to determine the effects of Rht-B1b and B1 loci on grain.[]
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Theory and models have been useful in evaluating epidemic development and pathogen evolution in mixtures, especially when combined with results of empirical studies.[]
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A coefficient of infection (CI) was calculated to combine disease severity and host response data, by multiplying the severity value by a value of 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 or 1.00 for host response ratings of R, MR, MR–MS or S, respectively.[]
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1997–1998 (without scab protection)In 1997, after 15 March (susceptibility stage of the trees), the ejections of ascospores combined with infection periods occurred between 24 March and 21 May (Fig 1c).[1]
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Finally, it covers 1968 to 2001 when the earlier information was consolidated and combined with results of new research to enable prediction and control of stripe rust, especially in the West.[]
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Wilson et al. (166) recently demonstrated a "dynamic multiline" approach in pearl millet that combines the advantages of both multilines and gene pyramids.[]
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A more difficult question is whether a given number of resistance genes will be more durable if deployed in a mixture as compared to the same number of genes deployed sequentially in monoculture or combined into a single host genotype.
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To reduce the impact of emerging new virulent isolates, two or more rust resistance genes can be combined in a cultivar. To ensure the effectiveness of these resistance genes at the time of deployment, it is important to consider the pathogenicity (virulence/avirulence) of prevalent rust pathotypes and the diversity and anticipated durability of available resistance sources.[]
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In addition, different genes can be combined in a pyramiding strategy for resistance breeding.[]
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AFLPs combine the simplicity of the RAPDs and robustness of RFLPs.[]
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Yahiaoui et al. (2004) used the combined analysis of genomes from wheat species with different ploidy levels for positional cloning of the Pm3b allele of Pm3 in bread wheat.[]
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In the future, this kind of planting system, combined with other methods such as sanitation or biological control, could represent an interesting alternative to chemical control.[1]
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Theory and models have been useful in evaluating epidemic development and pathogen evolution in mixtures, especially when combined with results of empirical studies.
The use of such probes can be combined with more traditional infectivity assays to determine whether the serological liter in a vector provides a good correlation with transmission ability.[]
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Using recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from the same parents, Fazio et al. (2003b) identified five QTL with a combined R 2 of 37–55%.[]
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In 1998, the first ejection of ascospores combined with an infection period occurred on 29 March, and the last on 27 May (Fig 1f).[1]
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crc-5A.2 cfd39 190 171 9.9 0.174 317.42 kg ha−1 Superb 9.3 n/a aLOD thresholds were estimated in QTL Cartographer v2.0 using 1000 permutations bAdditive effect of allele substitution cIncrease (%) represents the improvement in the trait over the mean of the population dYld QTL detected in the combined mapping population(178) + interval mapping population(193) using interval mapping Superb alleles were associated with an increase in yield at four QTL identified on chromosomes 2D, 3B, and 5A while BW278 was the positive allele at the yield QTL on chromosome 1A (Fig 1; Table 5).[]
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Screening and identification of powdery mildew resistant lines For characterization of the FIGS powdery mildew set we used a combined strategy of screening for genetic diversity with molecular markers and classical pathogenicity tests.[]
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Therefore, it was found more effective to combine the spore dispersal model, the disease spread prediction equation, and the disease development model.[]
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Combined, the survey data strongly implicate periodic introduction of exotic isolates, single-step mutation, and more rarely, somatic hybridization, as the major determinants of cereal rust population structure in Australia.[]
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